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نمایش مقاله

Title:

Global research trends in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation: A Trend Analysis of TMS and tES (2000–2025)

Subject:

Advanced Techniques in Signal Acquisition and Image Processing

Presenter Author:
Name:	Farzaneh Koohzadi

Author:
Name 1:	Farzaneh Koohzadi - Presenter
Affiliation 1:	Traditional Medicine Clinical Trials Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

Name 2:	Mehran Zare-Bidoky - Corresponding
Affiliation 2:	Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Abstract

Original Research

introduction :

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), are increasingly used as both investigative and interventional tools in brain mapping research. Despite rapid growth in the literature, the long-term evolution of research focus across different brain disorders remains unclear. Characterizing these trends can provide valuable context for guiding future brain mapping strategies, including the selection of neuromodulation targets and experimental priorities.

Methods:

A large-scale literature trend analysis was conducted in PubMed-indexed publications to identify peer-reviewed publications related to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) published between January 1, 2000, and March 1, 2025. Separate searches were performed for tES, tDCS, tACS, tRNS, TMS, rTMS, dTMS, TBS, incorporating controlled vocabulary terms (e.g., MeSH) where applicable in sixteen neurological and psychiatric disorders. Annual and cumulative publication counts were computed for each modality and disorder. Changes in relative research attention were quantified using proportional-share differences (Δ, percentage-point change) between baseline and recent time windows, with false discovery rate correction. Demand-momentum metrics were applied across multiple temporal windows to capture recent acceleration, sustained research volume, and volatility. Trend visualization and regression-based analyses were used to characterize long-term patterns and to generate short-term publication projections. To assess future research trajectories, forecasting analyses were performed using regression-based models applied to historical publication trends, generating short-term projections of publication volume up to the year 2030.

Results:

From 2000 to 2025, the number of PubMed-indexed publications on TMS was approximately two-fold higher than those on tES (TMS: 17,815 studies; tES: 8,421 studies). Overall, depressive disorders was the most dominant (-3.43), the second disorder is anxiety disorders (+2.01) in TMS, whereas in tES yields no significant changes, only borderline signals for anxiety disorders (+1.45), schizophrenia (-1.34), tinnitus (-0.74) was observed. Demand-momentum indicates that in the recent 3-year window, the strongest positive momentum was seen for eating disorders (+2.77) and depressive disorders (+1.27) (positive and stable across all windows), anxiety disorders (+0.70). Stroke (+0.69), and PTSD (+0.37), while remaining roughly stable across windows. In contrast, tinnitus (-1.57), seizure disorders (-1.19), and headache disorders (-0.45) display persistently negative momentum. Forecasting analyses indicate that the total number of publications is expected to grow by ~130%, from 2,428 articles to 5,509 articles by 2030. TMS publications are expected to increase from 1,506 in 2024 to about 2,797 in 2030 (~85%), whereas tES publications are expected to grow from 922 to roughly 3,165 (~250%)

Conclusion:

This large-scale trend analysis demonstrates that non-invasive neuromodulation research has expanded between 2000 and 2025, with a persistent dominance of TMS over tES in publication volume, alongside marked shifts in disease-specific research attention. Disease-specific trends indicate significant recent shifts toward selected psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and autism. Forecasting analyses further suggest that future growth in the literature may be increasingly driven by tES, reflecting a changing balance in neuromodulation research focus across disorders.

Keywords:

Non-invasive neuromodulation, Brain Stimulation, Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Trend analysis.