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نمایش مقاله

Title:

Review of Neurogenic Communication Disorders in Persian History of Medicine

Subject:

Cognitive-Social Applications of Brain Mapping, such as talent identification, neuroleadership, and neurocognitive recruitment

Presenter Author:
Name:	Sepideh Marghoub Khajeh

Author:
Name 1:	Sepideh Marghoub Khajeh - Corresponding - Presenter
Affiliation 1:	Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Name 2:	Somaiyeh Marghoub Khajeh
Affiliation 2:	Department of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Name 3:	Reza Mohammadinasab
Affiliation 3:	Department of History of Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran

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Abstract

Original Research

introduction :

The concept of Neurogenic Communication Disorders, acquired language impairments caused by neurological damage or disease (Mahendra, 2011), traces back to 4th century AH. Neurogenic communication disorders should be studied through history to understand development of recent concepts, to improve diagnosis and classification, to connect neuroscience with clinical practice, and to put aside the outdated theories. Consequently, physicians have long studied language disorders, categorizing it into distinct groups.

Methods:

The present historical study is a systematic review and qualitative in nature used in documents which were in two Farsi and Arabic languages.

Results:

Rhazes who was one of the Persian physicians during 4th century AH. He stated that tongue can be representative of both stomach and brain disorders. He believed that brain was the main factor of disease if face muscles, tongue, lips, or eyes were affected as nerves of these parts were originated from brain. He scrutinized language disorders through neurological lens and emphasized that Dysarthria, stuttering, and speech disorder may be caused by congenital tongue-tie, cerebral neurological disorder, or brain disorders. Ibn Sina, the most prominent Iranian physician of the fifth century, believed that speech impairment might stem from a disorder specific to the tongue itself or involve the brain; in the latter case, the cheek and lips are often affected as well. If the damage lies within the specific nerve serving the tongue, other senses might also be implicated. Conditions such as mutism—manifestations of tongue-related impairment—can arise from several causes: damage originating in the brain, or injury occurring at or near the point where the nerve supplying the tongue emerges to control its movement. Since the nerves of the tongue are interconnected with many other nerves, two scenarios arise: either the nerves supplying the tongue remain unimpaired—allowing for fluid speech—or they suffer from weakness along their pathway and fail to reach the tongue effectively, resulting in conditions such as stuttering. Stuttering may also stem from a situation where the tongue's nerve receives signals from another nerve, but that nerve encounters an obstruction or hindrance on its way to the tongue. In the tenth century, Baha’ al-Dawla Razi categorized speech difficulties into two types: the first involves a general difficulty in speaking, while the second entails significant difficulty specifically at the onset of speech—particularly with sounds such as /f/, /m/, or /t/. He attributed this to muscular weakness caused by sanguine or phlegmatic moisture originating in the brain, leading to a condition of laxity or paralysis affecting the gums.

Conclusion:

The study of Language Disorders in History of Medicine, as evidenced by physicians, reveals the factor of brain. These finding demonstrate that since then the relation between language and brain was inevitable. The manuscripts that were studied identify the neurogenic communication disorders and their treatment. Further exploration of sources could enhance our understanding of language disorders in History of Medicine.

Keywords:

Neurogenic Communication Disorders, History of Medicine, Brain, Language Disorders, Speech Language Pathology